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Termites are eusocial insects which are classified in the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another sequence from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from near ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.
About 3,106 species are currently described, using a couple hundred more left to be described. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they are not ants. .
Like ants and a few bees and wasps from the distinct purchase Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"employees" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile males called"kings" and one or more fertile females known as"queens". Termites mostly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.
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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising many landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies using several million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens allegedly living around 30 to 50 decades.
Colonies are called superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are employed in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as insects that can cause serious damage to buildings, plants, or plantation forests. Some species, like the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .
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The infraorder name Isoptera comes from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equivalent size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin term termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes.
The external appearance of the giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is indicative of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.
Termites were previously placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made that they were closely linked to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) link based on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that hypothesis appeared when F. A. McKittrick noted comparable morphological characteristics between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the sequence Blattodea, which included the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for instance, most cockroaches do not exhibit societal attributes, but Cryptocercus takes care look here of its young and exhibits other social behavior such as trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are regarded as the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some investigators have suggested a more conservative measure of retaining the termites as the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach order, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and under.15 Termites have long been approved to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and they are classified in precisely the exact same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and early fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and such insects, they likely originated before in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of a Jurassic origin would be the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological similarity to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The earliest termite nest detected is believed to be from the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, where the earliest known faecal pellets were discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged earlier have confronted controversy.
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Weesner indicated the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of the Mastotermitidae, the toughest living , have been found in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of the fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with exactly the identical pattern.24 Krishna et al., however, consider that all of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively classified as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics that are not shared with other termites, such as laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes called"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is because of their sociality that's because of convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to that of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, which was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,32 while two subsequently published genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.